|
|
| Lead | |
| Electron Configuration | 2,8,18,32,18,4 |
| Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 |
| Ground state | 3P0 |
| Atomic Volume | 18.17 g/cm3 |
| Electronegativity | 2.33 |
| Magnetic ordering | Diamagnetic |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility | -1.5 x 10-9 |
| Molar magnetic susceptibility | -3.11 x 10-10 |
| Speed of sound | 1190 m s-1 |
 Thermal Properties |
|
| Enthalpy of Atomization | 194.6 kJ mol-1 @25°C |
| Enthalpy of Fusion | 5.12 kJ mol-1 |
| Enthalpy of Vaporisation | 177.8 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat Capacity | 26.650 J mol-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Conductivity | 35.3 W m-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Expansion | 28.9 μm m-1 K-1 |
| Hardness |
|
| Brinell hardness | 38.3 MPa |
| Mohs hardness | 1.5 |
| Elastic Properties |
|
| Bulk modulus | 46 GPa |
| Poisson ratio | 0.44 |
| Shear modulus | 5.6 GPa |
| Young's modulus | 16 GPa |
| Electrical Properties |
|
| Electrical resistivity | 2.1 x 10-7 Ω m |
| Electrical conductivity | No data. |
| Chemical Properties |
|
| Electrochemical Equivalent | 3.865 g Ah-1 |
| Electron Work Function | 4.25 eV |
| Valence Electron Potential (-eV) | 24.2 |
| Ionization Potential | |
 First
|
7.416 |
| Second
|
15.028 |
| Third
|
31.943 |
| Incompatibilities | Strong oxidizers, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), acids. |
| Flammability |
|
| Non-combustible solid (except as dust)
|
| Energy Levels |
|
| Kα1 (intensity 100) |
74.9694 KeV |
| Kα2 (intensity 50) |
72.8042 KeV |
| Kβ1 (intensity 0) |
84.936 KeV |
| Lα1 (intensity 100) |
10.5515 KeV |
| Lα2 (intensity 10) |
10.4495 KeV |
| Lβ1 (intensity 38) |
12.6137 KeV |
| Lβ2 (intensity 12) |
12.6226 KeV |
| Lβ3 (intensity 3) |
12.7921 KeV |
| Lβ4 (intensity 4) |
12.3052 KeV |
| Lγ1 (intensity 7.5) |
14.7644 KeV |
| Lγ2 (intensity 2.7) |
15.0921 KeV |
| Lγ3 (intensity 2) |
11.345 KeV |
| Ll (intensity 4.5) |
9.1853 KeV |
| Atomic Radii |
|
| Empirical
|
180 pm |
| Bohr Radius
|
154 pm |
| Covalent Radius
|
147 pm |
| Van der Waals
|
202 pm |
| Triple covalent
|
137 pm |
| Metallic
|
No data. |
| Ionic Radii (Å) |
||||
| Charge | Coordination | Crystal | Ionic | Key |
| 2 | IVPY | 1.12 | 0.98 | C |
| VI | 1.33 | 1.19 | ||
| VII | 1.37 | 1.23 | C | |
| VIII | 1.43 | 1.29 | C | |
| IX | 1.49 | 1.35 | C | |
| X | 1.54 | 1.4 | C | |
| XI | 1.59 | 1.45 | C | |
| XII | 1.63 | 1.49 | ||
| 4 | IV | 0.79 | 0.65 | E |
| V | 0.87 | 0.73 | E | |
| VI | 0.915 | 0.775 | R | |
| VIII | 1.08 | 0.94 | R | |
| R, From r3 vs V plots. |
| C, Calculated from bond length - bond strength equations. |
| E, Estimated. |
| *, Most Reliable. |
| M, From Metallic Oxides. |
| A, Ahrens (1952) Ionic radius. |
| P, Pauling's (1960) Crystal Radius. |
| Oxidation States |
|
| Main
|
Pb+2, Pb+4 |
| Other
|
|
Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1)  |
|
| M - M+ |
715.5 |
| M+ - M2+ |
1450.4 |
| M2+ - M3+ |
3081.5 |
| M3+ - M4+ |
4083 |
| M4+ - M5+ |
6640 |
| M5+ - M6+ |
8100 |
| M6+ - M7+ |
9100 |
| M7+ - M8+ |
11800 |
| M8+ - M9+ |
13700 |
| M9+ - M10+ |
16700 |
| Covalent Bonds (kJ mol-1) |
|
| Pb-H
|
180 |
| Pb-C
|
130 |
| Pb-O
|
398 |
| Pb-F
|
314 |
| Pb-Cl
|
244 |
| Pb-Pb
|
100 |
| Vapour Pressure |
||||||
| P (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1K | 10K | 100K |
| T (K) | 978 | 1088 | 1229 | 1412 | 1660 | 2027 |
| Crystal Structure |
|
| Structure
|
Cubic close packed |
 |
a = 495.08 pm |
| b = 495.08 pm | |
| c = 495.08 pm | |
| α = 90° | |
| β = 90° | |
| γ = 90° | |